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The threat to U.S.-based computer networks is one of the country's most pressing security problems, and Congress needs to act on it soon, the director of national intelligence told a congressional panel today.

James R. Clapper Jr. said he and all of the U.S. intelligence leadership agree the United States is in a type of cyber Cold War, losing some $300 billion annually to cyber-based corporate espionage, and sustaining daily intrusions against public systems controlling everything from major defense weapons systems and public air traffic to electricity and banking.

Clapper was joined by CIA Director David H. Petraeus, Defense Intelligence Agency Director Army Lt. Gen. Ronald L. Burgess Jr. and FBI Director Robert S. Mueller for a House Select Intelligence Committee hearing on worldwide threats. He urged lawmakers to pass a bill that forces intelligence sharing between the government and the private sector, such as the Defense Industrial Base pilot program that then-Deputy Defense Secretary William J. Lynn III launched last year.

"It's clear from all that we've said and I hope predications about mass attacks don't become a self-fulfilling prophesy but we all recognize we need to do something," he said.

Clapper also urged Congress to reauthorize the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, which he called crucial to intelligence gathering. It expires this year.

The director said he foresees a cyber environment in which technologies continue to be fielded before effective security can be put in place. Among the greatest challenges in cyber security, he added, are knowing the perpetrator of a cyber attack in real time and capabilities gaps in the cyber supply chain the entire set of key actors involved in the cyber infrastructure.

Mueller noted that the National Cyber Task Force includes 20 U.S. agencies, "so when a major intrusion happens, we're all at the table." The "breaking down of stovepipes" and sharing information in cyber security "is as important now as it was before 9/11," he added.

The FBI director told the panel that 47 states have different reporting requirements for cyber attacks, and the private sector doesn't have to report them at all. "If they're not reported, we can't prevent the next one from happening," he said.

Mueller said the cyber threat is growing and is important to address. "I do believe cyber threats will equal or surpass the threat from terrorism in the near future," he said.

Clapper agreed. "We all recognize this as a profound threat to this country, to its future, to its economy, to its very being," he said. "We all recognize it, and we are committed to doing our best in defending the country."

The total lifetime estimated financial costs associated with just one year of confirmed cases of child maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and neglect) is approximately $124 billion, according to a report released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, published in Child Abuse and Neglect, The International Journal.

This study looked at confirmed child maltreatment cases, 1,740 fatal and 579,000 non-fatal, for a 12-month period. The lifetime cost for each victim of child maltreatment who lived was $210,012, which is comparable to other costly health conditions, such as stroke with a lifetime cost per person estimated at $159,846 or type 2 diabetes, which is estimated between $181,000 and $253,000. The costs of each death due to child maltreatment are even higher.

"No child should ever be the victim of abuse or neglect - nor do they have to be. The human and financial costs can be prevented through prevention of child maltreatment," said Linda C. Degutis, Dr.P.H., M.S.N., director of CDC′s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

Child maltreatment has been shown to have many negative effects on survivors, including poorer health, social and emotional difficulties, and decreased economic productivity. This CDC study found these negative effects over a survivor′s lifetime generate many costs that impact the nation′s health care, education, criminal justice and welfare systems.

Key findings:

The estimated average lifetime cost per victim of nonfatal child maltreatment includes:

$32,648 in childhood health care costs

$10,530 in adult medical costs

$144,360 in productivity losses

$7,728 in child welfare costs

$6,747 in criminal justice costs

$7,999 in special education costs

The estimated average lifetime cost per death includes:

$14,100 in medical costs

$1,258,800 in productivity losses

Child maltreatment can also be linked to many emotional, behavioral, and physical health problems. Associated emotional and behavioral problems include aggression, conduct disorder, delinquency, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, intimate partner violence, teenage pregnancy, anxiety, depression, and suicide.

Past research suggests that child maltreatment is a complicated problem, and so its solutions cannot be simple. An individual parent or caregiver′s behavior is influenced by a range inter-related factors such as how they were raised, their parenting skills, the level of stress in their life, and the living conditions in their community. Because of this complexity, it is critical to invest in effective strategies that touch on all sectors of society.

"Federal, state, and local public health agencies as well as policymakers must advance the awareness of the lifetime economic impact of child maltreatment and take immediate action with the same momentum and intensity dedicated to other high profile public health problems -in order to save lives, protect the public′s health, and save money," said Dr. Degutis.

Several programs have demonstrated reductions in child maltreatment and have great potential to reduce the human and economic toll on our society. Several examples of effective programs include:

Nurse-Family Partnership, an evidence-based community health program. Partners a registered nurse with a first-time mother during pregnancy and continues through the child′s second birthday. http://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/External Web Site Icon

Early Start, provides coordinated, family-centered system of services: http://www.dds.ca.gov/earlystart/External Web Site Icon California′s response to federal legislation providing early intervention services to infant and toddlers with disabilities and their families.

Triple P, a multilevel parenting and family support system: http://www.triplep-america.com/External Web Site Icon Aims to prevent severe emotional and behavioral disturbances in children by promoting positive and nurturing relationships between parent and child.

The article, "The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention," is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/aip/01452134External Web Site Icon.

CDC′s Injury Center works to prevent injuries and violence and their adverse health consequences. For more information on public health child maltreatment prevention activities and research, please visit http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/childmaltreatment .

If you know or suspect a child is being abused, contact the National Child Abuse Hotline at 1-800-4-A-CHILD or visit the ChildhelpExternal Web Site Icon website.